Is the coding for antivirus software programs involved and complex? What do they look like generally? And how does one learn the coding fundamentals for writing an antivirus program?
Yes, it is complex or I would have already done it. You could always look at something open source like clamav as a starting point. https://github.com/clamwin/clamav-win32
You could always build something like crystal security. It uses virus total and its own in house scanner.
AV has many components. Every AV has some file parsing capability. Especially parsing binary files: executables, loadable libraries.