How can I install linux in a phone and what is the best version of linux for a phone and what sort of phone will I need?
You won't get the exact same experience due to an ARM processor instead of x86 (usually), but here you go: https://developer.ubuntu.com/en/start/ubuntu-for-devices/installing-ubuntu-for-devices/ *Forgot to add that there are native Ubuntu and Firefox OS phones. Might be more if you look into it.
This guide explains how to install Debian on Android: http://whiteboard.ping.se/Android/Debian Debian runs with the Android kernel, and Android runs in a chroot environment under Debian. I haven't tried it.
Keep an eye on this: http://plasma-mobile.org/ Here are some screenshots: http://plasma-mobile.org/what-is/ If this becomes successful I might one day buy a smartphone!